[123] The "R'n'Besk"-style gained popularity in Germany with Muhabbet's 2005 single "Sie liegt in meinen Armen" ("She lies in my Arms"). [29] This period in Cypriot history resulted in an exodus of more Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom. However, by 2011 it came to light that the perpetrators were in fact the neo-Nazi group the National Socialist Underground. Consequently, between 25,000-40,000 Western Thrace muslims immigrated to Western Europe, of which 80% arrived in Germany - accounting to 20,000 to 32,000 immigrants. The region came under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century up until 1829. [36] Moreover, once the recruitment of foreigner workers was reintroduced after the recession of 1967, the BfA (Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte) granted most work visas to women. [10], As early as the 13th century Turkic slaves (Oghuz and Kipchak Mameluks), from Central Asia and the Pontic Steppe, had been sold to northern Italian city states by Arab traders. Moreover, ethnic Turks from other traditional areas of Turkish settlement have emigrated mostly due to political reasons. By the early 1970s Turks began to open fast-food restaurants serving popular kebap dishes.

Furthermore, the significant number of ethnic Turkish communities who have arrived in Germany from the Balkans, Cyprus, and the Arab World are recorded according to their citizenship, such as "Bulgarian", "Cypriot", "Greek", "Iraqi", "Lebanese" "Macedonian", "Romanian", "Syrian" etc. [65], Ottoman galley slaves and traders in Western Europe, Turkish Cypriot migration to Great Britain (1920s-present), Meskhetian Turkish migration within Eastern Europe (1944-present), Mainland Turkish migration to Western and Northern Europe (1960s-present), Migration of Western Thrace Turks to Western Europe (1960s-present), Migration of Bulgarian Turks to Western Europe (2000s-present), Iris Origo, The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries Speculum:A Journal of Mediaeval Studies 30. [85] Since the 1960s, the Turks were seen as synonymous with the term "Muslim", this is because Islam is considered to have a "Turkish character" in Germany. Hence, the Turkish music industry became very profitable in Germany. [35] Due to these economic and political issues, an estimated 130,000 Turkish Cypriots have emigrated from Northern Cyprus since its establishment to the United Kingdom. The armed neo-Nazi neighbour shot Aslı on her left arm and then the attacker shot Aslı's father, Ali Bayram, who died from the gunshot. The Belgian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. For example, in 2008 Cem Özdemir became the co-chair of the Green Party. The Norwegian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. The World Muslim Population, History & Prospect. In general, many German-born Turks were brought up listening to Turkish pop music, which greatly influenced the music they began to produce. More recently, the Turkish people have emigrated from their traditional areas of settlement for various reasons, forming a large diaspora.

In particular, the Turkification of Anatolia (modern Turkey) was the result of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the formation of the Sultanate of Rum. [40], Initially, some Bulgarian Turks arrived in Germany during the introduction of the family reunification laws of 1974.

The birth rate and the death rate are both slightly below the world average. The Greek Cypriots were increasingly taking control of the country’s major institutions causing the Turkish Cypriots to become economically disadvantaged. However, increasing numbers of second-generation Turks have opted for German citizenship and are becoming more involved in the political process. [160] By 2004 Cem Özdemir and Vural Öger also became members of the European Parliament. Densely populated Turkish colonies were established in the frontier regions of Thrace, the Maritsa and the Tundzha valleys. The Dutch census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. By the early 1990s a new sociolect called "Kanak Sprak" or "Türkendeutsch" was coined by the German-Turkish author Feridun Zaimoğlu to refer to the German "ghetto" dialect spoken by the Turkish youth. [39], In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were forcefully deported from Meskheti in Georgia and accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border. [59], By 3 February 2008, nine Turkish people, including five children, died in a blaze in Ludwigshafen. Moreover, by 2011, Bilkay Öney (de) from the SPD was appointed as Integration Minister in the Baden-Württemberg State. Indeed, return-migration had increased during the recession of 1966-1967, the 1973 oil crisis, followed by the policy of giving remigration bonuses in the early 1980s. Furthermore, by the 1990s, migration mainly by way of marriage continued to be one of the principal reasons for settling in Western Europe. [50] Official German records show that there are 2.8 million "returnees"; however, the German Embassy in Ankara estimates the true number to be four million, acknowledging the differences in German official data and the realities of the under-reporting by migrants. This is because the German state does not categorise immigrants, or their descendants, in terms of ethnicity. The Ottoman Turks held two sieges in Vienna: the first Siege of Vienna in 1529 and the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683. N/A. Turkey’s population doubled over the past half century to 74 million. The Spanish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. [22] Thus, the political and economic unrest in Cyprus after 1964 sharply increased the number of Turkish Cypriot immigrants to the United Kingdom. This is partly due to Germany's strict rules on dual citizenship which forces German-Turks to choose whether to have German or Turkish citizenship by the age of 23 (in accordance with the German Citizenship Law of 1999).

[34] This was partly due to the family reunification rights that were introduced in 1974 which allowed Turkish workers to bring their families to Germany. [60] The Chancellor Angela Merkel was criticised for not attending a demonstration held in memory of the victims by 16,000 people. [2], Nonetheless, another citizenship reform law was soon introduced after Helmut Kohl finished his last term as Chancellor. These cultural values are often passed down to their children and descendants, but German Turks are also increasingly secular. [10] By 1571, about 30,000 Turkish settlers, which included soldiers who were involved in the conquest and their families, or agricultural colonizers, particularly from the Konya region, were given land on the island.